1. DeWald RL. Spondylolisthesis In: Bridweld K, DeWald, eds. The Textbook of Spinal Surgery. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Raven; 1997:1202–10.
2. Smith JA, Hu SS. Management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population. Orthop Clin North Am 1999; 30:487–99.
3. Harris I, Weinstein S. Long term follow up of patients with grade III and IV spondylolisthesis: Treatment with and without posterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987;69:960–9.
4. Seitsale SO, Osterman K, Hyvarinen H. Progression of Spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents: a long term follow up of 272 patients. Spine 1991; 16:417–21.
5. Boxall D, Bradford D, Winter R, et al. Management of severe spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979;61:479–95.
6. Kim S, Denis F, Lonstein J, et al. Factors affecting fusion rate in adult spondylolisthesis. Spine 1990;15:979–84.
7. Lehmer S, Steffee A, Gaines R. Treatment of L5–S1 spondyloptosis by staged L5 resection with reduction and fusion of L4 onto S1 (Gaines Procedure). Spine 1994;19:1916–25.
8. Hu SS, Bradford DS, Transfeldt EE, et al. Reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis using Edwards instrumentation. Spine 1996;21:367–71.
9. Bradford D, Boachie-Adjei O. Treatment of severe spondylolisthesis by anterior and posterior reduction and stabilization. A long-term follow up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:1060–6.
10. Boachie-Adjei O, Do T, Rawlins B. Partial lumbosacral kyphosis reduction, decompression, and posterior lumbosacral transfixation in high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis: clinical and radiographic results in six patients. Spine 2002;2:E161–E168.
11. Abdu W, Wilber G, Emery S. Pedicular transvertebral screw fixation of the lumbosacral spine in spondylolisthesis. A new technique for stabilization. Spine 1994;19:710–5.
12. Merola AA, Haher TR, Brkaric M, et al. A multicenter study of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcome instrument. Spine 2002; 27:2046 –51.
13. Dimar J, Hoffman G. Grade 4 spondylolisthesis. Two-stage therapeutic approach of anterior vertebrectomy and anterior-posterior fusion. Orthop Rev 1986;15:504–9.
14. Molinari RW, Bridwell K, Lenke LG, et al. Complications in the surgical treatment of pediatric high-grade, isthmic, dysplastic spondylolisthesis. A comparison of three surgical approaches. Spine 1999;24:1701–11.
15. McAfee PC, DeVine JG, Chaput CD, et al. The indications for interbody fusion cages in the treatment of spondylolisthesis: analysis of 120 cases. Spine 2005;30(6 Suppl):S60 –S5.
2. Smith JA, Hu SS. Management of spondylolysis and spondylolisthesis in the pediatric and adolescent population. Orthop Clin North Am 1999; 30:487–99.
3. Harris I, Weinstein S. Long term follow up of patients with grade III and IV spondylolisthesis: Treatment with and without posterior fusion. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1987;69:960–9.
4. Seitsale SO, Osterman K, Hyvarinen H. Progression of Spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents: a long term follow up of 272 patients. Spine 1991; 16:417–21.
5. Boxall D, Bradford D, Winter R, et al. Management of severe spondylolisthesis in children and adolescents. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1979;61:479–95.
6. Kim S, Denis F, Lonstein J, et al. Factors affecting fusion rate in adult spondylolisthesis. Spine 1990;15:979–84.
7. Lehmer S, Steffee A, Gaines R. Treatment of L5–S1 spondyloptosis by staged L5 resection with reduction and fusion of L4 onto S1 (Gaines Procedure). Spine 1994;19:1916–25.
8. Hu SS, Bradford DS, Transfeldt EE, et al. Reduction of high-grade spondylolisthesis using Edwards instrumentation. Spine 1996;21:367–71.
9. Bradford D, Boachie-Adjei O. Treatment of severe spondylolisthesis by anterior and posterior reduction and stabilization. A long-term follow up study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1990;72:1060–6.
10. Boachie-Adjei O, Do T, Rawlins B. Partial lumbosacral kyphosis reduction, decompression, and posterior lumbosacral transfixation in high-grade isthmic spondylolisthesis: clinical and radiographic results in six patients. Spine 2002;2:E161–E168.
11. Abdu W, Wilber G, Emery S. Pedicular transvertebral screw fixation of the lumbosacral spine in spondylolisthesis. A new technique for stabilization. Spine 1994;19:710–5.
12. Merola AA, Haher TR, Brkaric M, et al. A multicenter study of the outcomes of the surgical treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis using the Scoliosis Research Society (SRS) outcome instrument. Spine 2002; 27:2046 –51.
13. Dimar J, Hoffman G. Grade 4 spondylolisthesis. Two-stage therapeutic approach of anterior vertebrectomy and anterior-posterior fusion. Orthop Rev 1986;15:504–9.
14. Molinari RW, Bridwell K, Lenke LG, et al. Complications in the surgical treatment of pediatric high-grade, isthmic, dysplastic spondylolisthesis. A comparison of three surgical approaches. Spine 1999;24:1701–11.
15. McAfee PC, DeVine JG, Chaput CD, et al. The indications for interbody fusion cages in the treatment of spondylolisthesis: analysis of 120 cases. Spine 2005;30(6 Suppl):S60 –S5.
